Source: Stephen Downes
| Management | Leadership | That something else better that isn’t management or leadership | |
| Attitude | Compliance | Humility | Service |
| Authority | Based upon title | Based upon earned trust | None; offers an example which may be followed or not |
| Questions | Questions are viewed as a threat to authority | Encourages questions to develop an ethical understanding | Asked frequently |
| The Framework | Procedural | Relational | Engaged and connected |
| Rules / Boundaries | Based upon conformity | Based upon an ethical, philosophical concept | Based on respect for others |
| Procedures | Standardized | Personalized | Adapted as needed |
| Innovation | Discouraged if it challenges the status quo | Provides a vision that inspires others | Secondary to creativity, freedom and exploration |
| Submission | Forced: based upon a fear | Voluntarily: submitting to another’s strengths to protect one’s weaknesses | There is no submission; exchanges are mutual and of mutual value |
| Motivation | Extrinsic | Intrinsic | Not necessary |
| The Results | Behave externally but rebel internally (or when no one is looking) | Empathetic, ethical thinkers who want to do what is right | Cooperative environment populated by creative and expressive individuals who see respect for and service to others as the highest good |